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This book should be seen as a nuanced representation of the relationship between folklore studies and a socialist-totalitarian state, based on some of the significant issues in the history of folklore studies in the three countries of estonia, latvia, and lithuania, often referred to as “the baltic countries.
Gene sharp, historian of nonviolence, remarks that what the balts did a quarter century ago “stands as a major milestone in the history of the modern world. ” the singing revolution was so named because balts identified songs as the unifying symbol and nonviolent weapon of choice in the struggle for national self-determination.
Homer’s odyssey tells of the adventures of the ancient seasoned mariner, odysseus, hero of the trojan war, who offended poseidon and as a result was cursed to sail the seas and prolong his journey home to the isle of ithaca and his queen penelope, with 10 years.
As part of the 1939 hitler-stalin pact (also known as the molotov-ribbentrop pact), however, the soviet union conquered estonia and its baltic neighbors. Nazi germany then occupied the baltic republics as part of its invasion of the soviet union in 1941, but the soviets reoccupied them as the tide of the war turned three years later.
Welcome to your nordic-baltic guide to the 2017 meeting of the american folklore society! this guide gathers together special events, panels of interest (whose foci or a significant portion of panelists are nordicists or balticists), and individual talks that may be of interest to our members.
In the early medieval period, the region's peoples resisted christianisation and became subject to attack in the northern crusades. Latvia's capital city riga, founded in 1201 by germans at the mouth of the daugava, became a strategic base in a papally-sanctioned conquest of the area by the livonian brothers of the sword. It was to be the first major city of the southern baltic and, after 1282, a principal trading centre in the hanseatic league.
The semigalians, one of the baltic tribes, are renowned for their stong resistance to the invasion of their lands by the german teutonic knights in the 13th cent. They form the bulk of the populatin in the present day province of semigalia [zemgale], along with a certain admixture of the votes, a small finnic people from ingria in present day russia.
She recorded conversations on video, creating current reflections on issues of the recent past. Based on the study of life-stories and oral history projects, naithani juxtaposes the history of folkloristics and the life of the folk in the soviet period of the baltic countries. The result is this dramatic, first-ever history of baltic folkloristics.
Tiny armed groups, chiefly of young men, wanted to achieve a free latvia with armed resistance, but their lack of experience and idealism made them end up badly. The red forest series appearing on ltv is chronicling battle-hardened men fighting to overthrow the soviets after the second world war, but it is not well-known that the latvian resistance started as early as summer 1940.
It is hard for us today to imagine how slavery could function as an efficient economic system in the face of slave resistance. On larger plantations, there were only about two adult white males to oversee 50 or more slaves.
34 central europe 12 east africa 18 eastern europe and baltic states 2 hong 27 folklore 37 food 4 food / water 5 gender role and identity 59 gender role health / healthcare / healing 1 herding 18 history 10 history of anthrop.
The exhibition takes visitors through the baltic countries’ tumultuous history of autonomy, recurrent occupations, resistance, liberation and concern for the future. “this exhibition is a powerful reminder of the threats to the baltic region that unfortunately continue to confront estonia, latvia, lithuania and even finland,” michael.
The collections of the lithuanian science society include folklore or songs of resistance fighters or deportees, one risked facing unpleasant consequences.
Among the baltic germans were many highly educated persons; they included outstanding scientists who contributed significantly to the history of science in europe. In latvia they earned a place of honour because their achievements in research and the dissemination of their findings played a major role in the development of education in latvia.
The baltic video archive of stanford libraries consists of four oral history collections, each of which tells the story of the baltic countries through personal video testimonies. The testimonies touch on the second world war and the nazi and soviet occupations and repression in the baltic region, as well as the stories of baltic refugees.
451-464 the struggle for baltic history rein taagepera the attitudes of western powers toward the baltic states were in 1945-1990 steadily affected by how they perceived baltic history: whether it even existed.
The paper will trace the emerging discussion on the local non-latvian folklore and the history of collections of russian, romani, belarusian, german, and jewish folklore in the 1920s–40s. The interrelation of cultural politics and individual enthusiasm will be discussed.
A chain of friendship: reflections on the baltic way and inspiration for belarus. 23, 1989, about two million estonians, latvians and lithuanians joined hands in a 690-kilometer human chain across the three baltic countries in protest of soviet occupation. The first reenactment of that “baltic way” took place in 1991, days after the end of soviet power, in a line of bonfires and candles that again joined vilnius, riga and tallinn.
The elusive voice of the peasants may be found in the latvian folk songs or dainas. The dainas inform us of the modes of oppression the peasants suffered and the modes of resistance they employed. They thereby contradict the widely held beliefs that the peasants had accepted their status and that the dainas do not depict concrete reality.
The baltic nations: estonia, latvia, and lithuania american folklore society centennial; or “whitewash,” the history of resistance from which frevo.
Well-being, abundance, symbolized by two fruits grown together. In agricultural folklore, each crop has its own jumis, thus a jumis of barley, rye, flax, nuts, and others. The sign represents two crossed spikes of wheat, and is commonly ued atop the roofs of barns, granaries, and houses — bringing blessings to a home’s inhabitants.
Folk tales present janosik as a hero who had supernatural powers; a magical resistance to bullets and wounds, and an ability to move from one place to another quicker than any other human being. According to the mountaineers' legend, these attributes were given to him by three witches whom he had met when he was young.
The soviet postwar occupation of lithuania sparked bitter resistance from eight days later germany invaded the soviet union, including lithuania and the other baltic states.
From even their earliest mentions, the curonian tribe was known as the fiercest, most hostile, and pagan of all the baltic tribes. Centered around a strong warrior culture, they were highly territorial and had a penchant for raiding and seafaring.
By 1300, both prussian and livonian crusaders crushed the resistance of the subjugated tribes and set their eyes on the only pagan tribe left in europe – the lithuanians. 1300 – 1400 was a period of ceaseless nasty and merciless warfare. Both sides were strong enough and no one could achieve victory in one blow.
Under the cover of their heroic resistance against the crusaders, which lasted for almost the whole of the 13th century, the foundations of the grand duchy of lithuania were laid, which, in turn, became an obstacle to the mass inflow of crusaders and german colonists into the territory of latvia.
The baltic region is frequently neglected in broader histories of europe and its international significance can be obscured by separate treatments of the various baltic states.
Historical memory in the key of baltic paganism it may be objected that the mono-ethnic, peasant-centered, folklore-based versions of latvian and lithuanian identities promoted by modern pagan groups such as dievturi and romuva involves a biased and selective reading and representation of the baltic past.
Baltic history is rich with examples of resistance, from the “forest brothers” partisans who heroically fought first nazi, then soviet occupiers during and after world war ii, to the peaceful.
Europe 30 years ago: the baltic human chain for freedom and independence as the soviet union was on the brink of collapse in 1989, baltic nations made history.
The crusades against the baltic people took place in the 12th century where the purpose was to “bring culture to the degenerated pagans”. After years of resistance, they had to alternate their entire way of life.
Resistance and revolt in the warsaw ghetto: a documentary history [hebrew] ( jerusalem, war, and he published articles on jewish folklore and yiddish literature. 18 russia proper, the balkans, northern baltic, and all lands farther.
But the use of folk melodies is a red rag to the bull of oppression. Empires soon discover that trying to extinguish a subjugated people's culture only strengthens resistance. Composers in any society appreciate the use of folk song as an esoteric means of communication with their public.
“the exhibition will illustrate the complex interplay of influence and resistance, through which, after becoming acquainted with european cosmopolitanism, baltic artists forged a language for creative expression appropriate to their own intellectual worlds using elements of traditional culture, folklore, and local oral rhetoric,” renown french art historian, rodolphe rapetti, describes the idea behind the exhibition.
Resistance in the baltic states after world war ii was brutally repressed with mass deportations and enforced collectivization. The russian approach to insurgencies eschews efforts to win “hearts and minds”. During the afghan war in the 1980s, the soviets depopulated the countryside and destroyed the rural economy.
These sources include: artifacts found in archaeological digs; folklore texts, in particular latvian and lithuanian formulaic folk songs, riddles, and magic.
A history of story-telling around the baltic sea in the period from about 1550 to 1800 will show how the corpus of folk narratives and the concepts of genres developed through the centuries and how both drastically changed at the time of the grimm brothers. It will not only reveal to what extent there were similarities, differences and influences between the regions concerned but also how they were caused.
Lithuania, latvia, and estonia were still occupied by soviet forces. The forest brothers, composed of 30,000 lithuanian, 22,000 latvian, and 14,000 estonian men and women became the 20th century’s largest armed resistance. Learn more about this little known piece of history of the baltic states’ struggle for freedom.
Oral history with jānis rožkalns, 2013 may 8, 22, 29 (excerpt) author: rožkalns, jānis, 1949- description: jānis remembers his education and his youth in ineši, latvia. He recalls joining the national resistance movement in the 1970s.
Tv a new online only channel for history lovers sign me up the folklore of medieval europe was a mixture of legends from various sources, such as ancient regional stories mixed with judeo-christian religious tales and myths from the roman empire and the near east.
It is thought that the first people found pieces of amber washed close to mediterranean and baltic sea shores. One of the first documents mentioning baltic amber was written in 4th century bc by theophrastus. His work on the ocean was lost, but it was later cited by other the author - pliny the elder in his work the natural history. Famous greek physician hippocrates also mentioned amber in a few of his writings.
Folklore in baltic history: resistance and resurgence [naithani, sadhana] on amazon.
Surviving information about baltic mythology in general is fragmented. Greece and india), the original primary mode of transmission of seminal information such as myths, stories, and customs was oral, the then-unnecessary custom of writing being introduced later during the period of the text-based culture of christianity.
It was a bit earlier, in the middle ages, when the legend of the fire-proof salamander picked up another facet: asbestos, a highly fire-resistant mineral with fibers we now know can absolutely.
That he found the points of least resistance across our roads in egypt are as ancient as her known history. One of embraced in the pageantry of greek mythology and made to stride trade routes from the north and the baltic seas.
What we call baltic mythology is really an umbrella term for the separate but related mythology of lithuania, folklore of latvia and the highly obscure goings-on of the old prussians. The very word ‘deity’ may actually be of lithuanian origin, deriving from the god dievas. If this is true, that would make him the all-time definitive deity.
” this part of the exhibit shows that the baltic dps were well-aware of what was going on in the world around them, and especially in their homelands. We see a photograph of a hunger strike in 1947, which demanded independence for estonia, latvia and lithuania.
451-464 the struggle for baltic history rein taagepera the attitudes of western powers toward the baltic states were in 1945-1990.
Estonia and latvia were now set for many centuries of rule by the baltic germans, who would eventually emerge from the monastic orders as the ruling class. The natives would be peasants and restricted from participation in rule and in many other ways.
Folklore - and singing in particular - had long been a fascination to baltic that they no longer served the function of political resistance to a foreign oppressor.
Jack o’kent is less a creature and more a folk hero, but he is a fascinating figure nonetheless. Legends tell of jack matching wits with the devil himself (the master of making bad deals) and often leaving said devil quite angry in the process.
Summary of the political history, nonviolent strategic actions, and ensuing knowledge related to nonviolent civil resistance movements for human rights, fellow baltic republics of latvia and lithuania in a nonviolent movement that.
Jan 30, 2014 at the baltica folklore festival procession in riga, latvia in july 1988, singing as a form of resistance has a long history in the baltics, dating.
Mythology and folklore, folklore, art history, baltic propaganda to ironic resistance within the system of knowledge production.
Soviet history works will still label the various resistance members in lithuania, the ukraine, and the other baltic republics as bandits. In 1950, the resistance was unified under an organization called the movement of lithuania's struggle for freedom (mlsf, lietuvos laisvės kovų sąjūdis).
Traditional baltic folklore became a mainstay of the new baltic ‘awakening. ’ the ‘rediscovery’ of the estonian epic poem kalevipoeg (the son of kalev), the mythic latvian figure of lāčplēsis – the bear-tearer or the lithuanian perkunas (sky-god) were intended to symbolize the heroic persistence of the nation in the face of foreign threats.
At the baltica folklore festival procession in riga, latvia in july 1988, soviet that the idea of singing as a form of resistance has a long history in the baltics,.
For years, the story of the guerilla resistance has been a sticking point in relations between the baltic states and russia. Origins of the movement “forest brothers” was first coined in the baltic.
The baltic way, as the human chain was called, spanned 420 miles, engaging people of all ages in this historic demonstration. The organizers spent countless hours putting the demonstration together. They designative specific locations and groups of people to go to each of the cities, towns, and villages to ensure the chain would not have any gaps.
The west is now, commendably, recognizing the post-war anti-soviet resistance in the baltic states as a kind of proto-nato. The really striking fact, though, is that the kremlin regards itself as the direct heirs of the forest brothers' foes: stalin's murderous secret police, the nkvd.
The committee meets annually to evaluate nominations proposed by states parties to the 2003 convention and decide whether or not to inscribe those cultural practices and expressions of intangible heritage on the convention’s lists. By clicking on the inscribed elements listed below, you can discover the nominations, photos and videos, together with committee decisions and evidence of commun.
“the idea of singing as a form of resistance has a long history in the baltics, dating back to nineteenth century choirs meeting and performing in defiance of the tsar”. After the soviet occupation “baltic countries () were denied freedom of speech, but choirs still found ways to rebel through song.
The most significant nineteenth-century research into baltic mythology was done by the latvian scholar j ē kabs lautenbahs (1847 – 1928), who published a study on the laimas, the three baltic goddesses of fate, basing his research on the rich source material of latvian and lithuanian folk songs and fairy tales.
The companion to the hanseatic league discusses the importance of the hanseatic league for the social and economic history of pre-modern northern europe.
Lieven's book offer[s] so many insights from baltic history, folklore, nationhood, culture, and ethnic relations that the reader's understanding of the roots of baltic resistance is richly enhanced.
Baltic states, northeastern region of europe containing the countries of estonia, and traces of the original finnish culture have been preserved only in folklore.
Inglise-eesti naljaraamat 2 (the english estonian joke book 2) author jeremy taylor.
The sons of niclot pribislav and vartislav tried to continue resistance, but after the capture and execution of vartislav, his brother pribislav was forced to be baptized and recognize himself as a vassal of the saxon dukes, becoming the founder of the mecklenburg house.
The abolition of serfdom in the baltic provinces between 1817 and 1861 and the removal of restrictions on residence in 1863 opened up opportunities for travel and education.
It is folklore that most vividly reflects the situation of exile: homesickness, expressed through immediately recognizable images, grudges against soviet power, and rejection of an alien reality reflected in the contrast of expressive means and a conflict of images. At the same time, folklore may have served to neutralize the trauma, thus removing psychological stress and assuaging spiritual anguish.
According to german folklore, atop a steep rock on the rhine river, there once lived an exquisite nymph named lorelei. Not only was her physical beauty astounding, but the siren sang a song so haunting and hypnotising that no sailor could resist her aura.
Corn, beans, and squash, commonly known as “the three sisters,” have been important companion crops in indigenous communities in the americas for centuries. This combination not only holds traditional wisdom and folklore but has also been proven to be scientifically and environmentally symbiotic.
The tetracycline resistance genes enriched at the farms belonged to two resistance classes: ribosomal protection proteins (tet(32), tetm, teto, tets and tetw) and efflux pumps (teta, tete, tetg and teth). Resistance genes sul2 of sulfonamide resistance gene and dfra1 of trimethoprim resistance gene were also enriched in fish farm sediment (fig.
Practices widely used in baltic society demonstrated particular fluidity and wide range of variations. For example, there are many instances of referring to orient, or, rather “orients” in today’s cultural space of the baltic countries. How this usage impacts on the identity of people, is a question to explore.
The baltic way was the climax of the passive civil resistance movement called “singing revolution” that takes its name after defying the soviet union regime by singing baltic patriotic songs. “the idea of singing as a form of resistance has a long history in the baltics, dating back to nineteenth century choirs meeting and performing in defiance of the tsar” [15].
The 13 th conference “shifting literary culture since stagnation in the brezhnev era: the baltic paradigm” is organized by the institute of literature, folklore and art of the university of latvia (ilfa) on 23–24 september 2021. We hope to host an in-person two-day conference at the national library of latvia in riga, but, if necessary.
The baltic region became a hotbed of resistance against soviet rule. Lithuania declared its independence in 1990, followed by estonia and latvia. These proclamations were not recognised by moscow, and soviet military responded with violence, sending troops into the baltics and seizing the vilnius television tower.
While lithuanians have been the last european pagan nation to christianise the pagans never had religious books and thus much of the old religion has survived in the folklore alone.
Stalin used this as a catalyst to order heavily armed soviet troops to stream into the baltic states and crush all resistance. Between june 15, and june 17, 1940, the baltic had become immersed in the throngs of the red army’s occupational forces. Stalin now sought puppet governments that would comply with the demands of the soviet union.
The folklore of cornwall: the oral tradition of a celtic nation. (exeter: folklore in baltic history: resistance and resurgence.
The baltic refugees were initially poorly prepared for the struggle about history, because they lacked not only english language skills but also understanding of democratic societies.
Nonviolent national culture in the baltic singing revolution subject listing: scandinavian studies, history / european history, film and media more than 110 choral, rock, and folk songs are translated and interpreted in poetic,.
Ticular, the baltic states have a significant history of resistance activities against invading and occupying forces during and after world war ii, and preparing for resistance is part of the defense strategies of all baltic states. Defense and resilience, and aspects of unconventional warfare (uw), which can include broad-based,.
Which values, beliefs, and attitudes work in favour of resistance culture at a time in history and how those values foster to mitigate domination and maintain human rights is of a paramount importance mainly to identify the role of folklore scholarship in promoting social justice.
Urban (this essay won the vitols prize for the best article printed in the journal of baltic studies in 1998). The term, the baltic crusade, is today understood to refer first of all to the crusading program in medieval livonia (modern latvia and estonia) and secondarily to those in finland, prussia and lithuania.
The scandinavian folklore consists of a huge variety of creatures, good or evil, which have frightened people for centuries. They were often meant to scare children, but even today they are essential and important to the modern northern society. In the 1890s, something changed in the way common scandinavians saw themselves and their culture.
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